Maintaining your digital archive

File migration

File migration is when you transfer and convert data from an older or obsolete file type to a new format that is easily accessible. You may need to migrate files to new formats in order to keep your archive up to date.

An example of migration is updating old Microsoft Word documents. Newer versions of Word cannot open files older than Office 97-2003. They will need to be migrated to be accessible again.

Be careful, as changing a file format can impact the file. Certain metadata may be removed, or the file content may subtly change. There are online tools and programs that can assist and guide you on migration processes as well as providing advice on how, when and why to migrate.

File Migration tips:

  • For each file type decide if it is better to upgrade every generation or to wait. Online tools such as Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats and file format registries can help with these decisions.
  • Migrating files can change the data and structure of those files. This can introduce errors and loss of information. It is important to define your procedures to measure possible errors, and introduce quality control testing.
  • Maintain a list of preferred file formats for each type of media. The PRONOM file format registry is useful for understanding all types of file formats. The Digital Record Object Identification (DROID) tool, can be used to determine what file type your digital object is. It also provides useful metadata and can generate a file fixity checksum.

An alternative to file migration, is emulation. Emulation involves recreating the behaviour of old hardware environments on a current computer, which enables obsolete software to be installed and run. Unlike migration, emulation does not involve changing the obsolete digital object. Instead, it allows the digital object to be accessed using the software originally used to create it.